Here, we present a solution to this issue by realizing low-loss (0. 81 dB), broadband (at least 50 GHz bandwidth) and high-extinction (up to 27 dB) circulators, based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers including so-called fiber null-couplers. The introduction of low-loss optical fibers probably represents the single most important advance in the growth of our telecommunication system. To meet our needs for secure communications, it is likely that our classical network will soon be operating alongside what is known as a quantum network. The latter is very sensitive to loss and thus poses new constraints to the performance of current. Thorlabs' Single Mode (SM) Optic Circulators are non-reciprocating, one directional, three-port devices that are used in a wide range of optical setups and for numerous applications. To evaluate the expected performance before fabricating the photonic integrated circuits, an experimental simulator was developed by employing alternative optics that were replaceable with the corresponding.
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