This study proposes a secure communication protocol specifically designed for smart grid environments, focusing on authentication, secret key establishment, symmetric encryption, and hash-based message authentication to provide confidentiality and integrity for. This study proposes a secure communication protocol specifically designed for smart grid environments, focusing on authentication, secret key establishment, symmetric encryption, and hash-based message authentication to provide confidentiality and integrity for. Energy Internet (EI) has emerged as a promising paradigm for integrating various smart grid technologies through the Internet to provide reliable and sustainable energy services. However, authentication between vehicle users a d an aggregator may be vulnerable to various attacks due to the usage of wireless communications. This study proposes an enhanced two-factor authentication (2FA) scheme for IoT-enabled smart grids.
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